A key issue that was faced by the New Testament Church Essay Example for Free

A key issue that was faced by the New Testament perform EssayExamine a key issue that was faced by the New Testament Church (Prostitution). Could these arguments used in the first century be used by the Church of today for this problem?Prostitution is the perfor homoce of cozy acts solely for the purpose of material gain. Persons prostitute themselves when they grant favours to another(prenominal)s in exchange for m wizy, gifts or other payments and in so doing use their bodies as commodities. In legal terms, the word prostitute refers only to those who engage overtly in such sexual-economic transactions, usually for a unique(predicate) sum of money. Prostitutes may be of either sex, but throughout history, the majority do been women, reflecting both the traditional socio-economic dependence of women and the tendency to exploit female sexuality.Although prostitution has often been characterised as the worlds oldest profession, the concept of women as property, which preva iled in most centuries until the end of the nineteenth century, meant that the profits of the profession most often ended up in the hands of the men who controlled it. Men have traditionally been characterised as procurers and customers, but during the latter half of the twentieth century, they are increa blurt outgly being identified as prostitutes themselves, who generally serve male customers and sometimes impersonate women.The Torah (Law) had itsy-bitsy to say on the subject of secular prostitution. It prohibited parents from dedicating their children as sacred prostitutes, but at that place is nought to tell us whether its authors would have objected equally to the ideas of a master making his slave-woman a secular prostitute or even a bring doing so with his daughter.There are two references to secular prostitution in the Old Testament, which offer any details as to how it was regarded. In both cases, an single(a) women is soundless to have chosen this course of action o n her own and thereby brought disgrace on her father. In one passage, a priests daughter who plays the harlot is condemned to be burned for having profaned her father (Leviticus 219). One may think that she is part of her fathers theater, either as not yet married or as a divorced or widowed woman. Her activity threatens the state of purity vital to the household, since its food comes largely from the altar of the temple.In Deuteronomy (2213-21) a man charges that his wife was not found to be a virgin on her wedding night. If this were true, she would be stoned for having played the harlot in her fathers house. In other words, she has engaged in sexual relation back when she ought to have been guarding her virginity carefully in order to be a suitable bride.In the process, she has exposed her father to humiliate of having misrepresented her state in negotiating her marriage. It is not clear from the passage that she actually receives payment for her services the point seems to b e, rather, that she has deprived her father and her prospective husband of their rights in her. What was wrong with prostitution, from the perspective of ancient Israel, was not so much the giving or receiving of payment for sexual intercourse as it was the removal of sexual intercourse from the framework of property and hierarchy which normally contained it and ensured that it was placed at the service of the family.Such an interpretation is made explicit in a more encompassing critique of prostitution found in Proverbs. After warning the reader against the wiles of the loose woman, the author contrasts the positive ideal of possessing a wife with a ban prospect of wasting ones resources on a courtesan (Proverbs 515-23).Having said that, one cannot treat wisdom literature as if it were the same genre as legislation. It is clear that Proverbs agrees with the Torah in understanding prostitution, as violation to paragons will, not merely as something to be avoided for prudential re asons. Still, the justification offered for the prohibition is intrusive as to the honorable framework in which the prohibition itself belonged. Prostitution was wrong because it stood outside the normal patriarchal system in which the male head of the household owned one or more women as sexual partners. As such, it threatened the interests of the family. The man business leader feel that he had received full value for his expense, but the family gained nothing at all from his patronising of the prostitute. His action, therefore was a betrayal of his responsibilities, since he existed not to gratify his own relishs but to maintain and enhance the fortunes of his fathers house.What the Torah and Proverbs agree upon past is the condemnation of those who place personal gratification ahead of family duty. The Torah condemns the unmarried woman who prefers sexual pleasure above her obligations as a good daughter of the household who must preserve her marriageability, which is, indeed the familys investment in her. Proverbs condemns the man who spends family resources on private pleasure. He should marry a woman and be content with the sexual pleasure he receives from her. Proverbs was concerned to make the prostitute sound as unscrupulous and unattractive as possible. The Torah was speaking to the woman who was trying to behave as an unattached individual in pursuit of pleasure while still remaining under the protection of her father. According to the Torah, prostitution, though a slightly slight serious crime than adultery, was wrong insofar as it represented the triumph of individual gratification over against the principle of subordination to the family.The matter of prostitution receives truly little attention from the Gospel writers, but it appears in a significant pronouncement of Jesus. The tax collectors and the prostitutes, he said, were entering the Kingdom of God ahead of just religious leaders (chief priests and elders) because they believed the preaching of John the Baptist (Matt 2123-32). Since John preached repentance (Matt 32) one may suspect that prostitutes ceased to be such when they came to believe the message. It proves difficult, however, to be certain. The tax collectors presumably did not cease to be tax collectors (In Luke 191-10, the tax collector Zacchaeus, upon his conversion, gave half of his property to the poor and made amends to those he has defrauded). A prostitute would have found it singularly difficult to emerge from her low place in the community.We know little about them in Jewish times. In the contemporary Gentile world, however, most of them were slaves, who could not legally abandon their status. Even free prostitutes, if poor, would have had only the most limited of options, since they would not have been acceptable as wives. Our own presuppositions, then, may perhaps dictate whether we think of these women as giving up prostitution or not. Luke 736-50 sees Jesus anointed by a public sinner. Wh ile she is not labelled as a prostitute, it is one conclusion that could be possibly said about her.Jesus accepts her intentions, contrasts them favorably with those of her host, the Pharisee, and finally says, Her sins, many as they are, are forgiven because she has loved much (747). This does not tell us what Jesus preferred prostitutes to do, but it does suggest that he did not make grace conditional on prostitutes escaping her place in society. The most significant thing is that Jesus held them up to the religious leadership as a model of repentance for them to follow, thus implying that the respectable are not unlike the prostitutes in respect to sin. Since Jesus held them up as a religious example, we may guess that although he took prostitution to be ethically wrong, he followed the example of Proverbs in appointing blame to the man who visited the prostitute more than to the prostitute herself.Paul has little to say about sexual ethics in his main doctrinal statement, the Ep istle to the Romans, except the forceful identification of sexual immorality with humanities alienation from God (Romans 124-27). However, in his letters to the other churches he is forced to address the topic because of the behaviour of certain individuals in those churches, particularly at Corinth.The Christians at Corinth produced super divergent interpretations of what the Gospel demanded in the way of sexual ethics, ranging from libertinism to a complete rejection of both marriage and sexual intercourse. It is probable that the libertine party at Corinth had adopt slogans such as All things are permitted and Food is for the belly and the belly for food (implying that sexual intercourse is as uncomplicated an expression of natural desire as eating is). Paul argues that the body of a Christian belongs to Christ. Therefore, all sexual expression, then, must take Christs ownership into account.Sex with a prostitute might seem to establish no family at all beyond the brief one re quired for the sanctification of desire. Paul claims that every sexual act mingled with man and woman established a union of flesh, like that of marriage. In other words, the prostitute and the man, who has used her, actually belong to each other for the duration of their sexual intercourse, though not beyond. In Pauls own terminology, the relationship thus established is one body but in the terminology of Genesis, it is a relationship of one flesh. Paul insisted that the man who had intercourse with the prostitute was not unchanged by that act. However, it was destructive of ones spirit the relation to Christ and to GodEvery sin that a person commits is outside the body, but the man who uses harlots is sinning against his own body. (1 Corinthians 18-20)It is evident that where Proverbs discourages a man from using prostitutes because he belonged to his family, Paul discouraged it because he belonged to God. The body, the person as a whole, is the spirits temple, into which other forms of worship must not be introduced. One might well ask, then, whether the implication of this line of cogitate is not, finally, to forbid sexual intercourse altogether.1From whichever interpretation or opinion one adopts, as a Christian, or more to the point, as human beings, it should be understood that the use of prostitutes or the actual act of prostitution is both morally and ethically wrong. It is a sin against God, in that it undervalues the gift of love, through intercourse, given to us by God, and moreover, it shows a lack of respect for the body and minds of others.BIBLIOGRAPHYCave, S The Christian Way, Nisbet and Company Limited, 1963Countryman, L.W Dirt, Greed and Sex, Fortress Press, 1988Hays, R.B The Moral Vision of the New Testament, Harper collins Publishers, 1996Manson, T.W Ethics and the Gospel, SCM Press Limited, 19601 Countryman, L Dirt, Greed and Sex p205

Blind Date Script Essay Example for Free

Blind Date Script EssayFar From The Madding Crowd Blind Date Script. Graham Its Blind Date And here is your host, Miss Cilla total darkness Cilla Hello ladies and gentlemen, and welcome to Blind Date. In a moment well be go throughing the probabilityy lady who gets to pick from one of these gorgeous guys So, allows meet the boys So, hello figure of speech 1 whats your name and where do you come from? Bo Good Evening, Cilla. My name is William Boldwood, and I am from Weatherbury. C Nice to meet you, William. So tell e actuallyone a bit just about yourself. Bo Well, Cilla, I am a 42 year old bachelor, I own a large rise, and. Im inc blushfulibly smashedC And, I understand, correct me if Im wrong love, that you have had a nasty experience involving a Valentines learning ability? Bo That is correct, Cilla. I once received a Valentines card through in the mail, and I had no idea who the s ceaseer was. I was a little afraid, you see, it could have been anything. So, I erm, p laced it on my mantelpiece. Well, then I couldnt stop thinking of it, so I st atomic deem 18d at it for quite al nigh time. C How long for, love? Bo For a matter of days, Cilla. C Oh dear. Well I for one am always scared when the postman comes, I mean, when them bills get posted through my door I know Im too terrified to scatter them for a weekC Alright love, well, best of luck tonight, and please dont be scared of the date stamp cards if youre picked cause weve only got so long, you know. Okay, number two, whats your name and where do you come from? T Hello, Cilla, my love, my names Frank Troy and Im from Weatherbury too C Hiya Frank. Tell us all a bit about yourself, love. T Well, Im 31, Im a Sergeant in the Army, so I travel a lot, and I enjoy sword fighting, so I spend a lot of my spare time practising that, and, Im quite skilled if I may say so myself. C Oh really? Come on, then. Show us some moves (Troy shows off with sword techniques).C Wow, I wouldnt want to be on the re ceiving end of that lot Eh, thanks very much love, well done. Best of luck tonight, but if you win, leave the sword at home, wont you? Hello number threesome, whats your name and where do you come from? O Eh Cilla, me names Gabriel Oak an I be from Weatherbury as well. C Hiya, chuck, why dont you tell everyone a bit about yourself? O Well, Im 28 an I work on a farm in Weatherbury, Cilla. C And I heard that you used to own your own farm, is that right? O Ay, that be correct, Cilla, I used to ave some lovely little sheepies, but, sadly, most of em died in a tragic accident.C Awwwwww (Sympathy) O Yer, so maybe, even though I dont ave a lot, shell still be get out to ave me. Then Ill know she be genuine an all that. An it could get me a few sympathy votes as well, But I wont let on until by and by the show, just in case. C A man with a plan Well, you probably wont even need to use the sheep storey Gabriel, Im sure youll be fine. And may the best fella win. Good luck to all of you. N ow, guys and girls, lets meet the lucky lady who gets her pick of one of these gorgeous guys (Bathsheba enters) C Hello love, and you are Bathsheba, is that right?B Yes Cilla, thats right. C And where are you from, Bathsheba love? B Im from Weatherbury Cilla. C Oh I didnt see that one coming. Now, what sort of thing are you looking for, and hoping to find tonight in one of our top-class bachelors? B Well, Im looking for someone who will flatter me but also stand up to me. Im very independent. C Oh, thats right, you own a farm, dont you? B I do indeed, Cilla. C Well, lets hope those three blokes over there stand up to you more than your farm animals do. And lets hope they smell better an all. B well I wont know until the date, but lets hope so.C Alright love. Lets get on with your three questions then. Fire away B Hello boys ALL Hello Bathsheba B Okay, my first question is If I was an animal, I would be a tiger, because I could unquestionably use a little taming. If you were an anim al, what would you be, and why? That goes to number 1, please. Bo Well, Bathsheba, I would be a snake, a boa constrictor, so I would be able to distort myself around you, and squeeze you as tight as I can. B And to number 2, please. T Well, I would be a fox, most obviously because of my red coat, but also because I hunt my prey and always get what I want.B And, lastly, to number 3, please. O Well, I would probably be a sheep, because, apart from being cute n cuddly, I would follow you round as a sheep does and always be with you. B Okay, 2nd question. If I were a type of food, I would be a curry, because I am hot and spicy What food would you be, and why? That is to number 2, please. T Well, I would be globe and Soldiers, so you could have a dip in me anytime B And to number 3, please. O Okay, if I was a food, I would be Shepherds Pie, because I be a shepherd, and I be warm, tasty and simple. So, heat me up, and itll be dinner for two.B And lastly, to number 1, please. Bo If I was a sort of food, I would most certainly be Toad in the hole, because once you dig down to my deep centre and kiss the toad, I would be your handsome prince. B And my last question is I am a woman who likes to be pampered and showered with gifts. If you could put up me one thing, what would it be and why? To number 3, please. O Well, I dont ave a lot, you see, but I would give you my heart of gold, because that be all I wantin in return. B And to number 1, please. Bo I would give you anything you want, anything your heart desires.And the greatest gift any woman could care for ME B And last but not least, to number 2, please. T I would give you the sheath to my prized possession, my sword, because then I would be allowed to put my things inside yours. C Oh well, Bathsheba, thats all your questions. But dont make your mind up yet, heres a bit of help from Our Graham G So Bathsheba, will it be Toady number 1, who will give you himself and squeeze you tightly, just dont send him any m ail Or, will it be foxy number 2, who likes nothing better than putting on his Soldier coat and doing sword tricks just keep the toast away from his yolk.Or, will you decide on warm and simple number 3, and if on your date his sheepy antics get on your nerves, you could always sell that gold heart he gave you. THE DECISION IS YOURS C So who will it be love 1, 2 or 3? B Im going to have to go with number 3, Cilla. C Oh, but what about the two you turned down? (introduces Troy, then Boldwood they leave) C So here is your Blind Date, you picked number one, that was Gabriel Oak from Weatherbury come in Gabriel (Gabriel and Bathsheba meet) C Alright, are you pleased? (Both nod).Okay then, lets pick a date Which one will be picking? O Ill let the lovely lady here pick. (Bathsheba picks) B A sightseeing trip to London (Hands envelope to Cilla) C It says here that the two of you will be seeing all the sights of the Famous London Have either of you been there before? (both say no). Good . Then after that, youll be shopping til you drop and then staying in a luxury hotel It says here lets hope that the two of you arent calling each other pigs by the end of the week Okay, lets have a round of applause for Bathsheba and Gabriel

Causes And Effects Of Water Shortage Environmental Sciences Essay

Causes And Effects Of weewee Shortage Environmental Sciences EssayWater crises have focused peoples attention on irrigate shortage and degradation. Scarce irrigate resources have had negative impacts on the world. Dubale states that body of pee supply shortage and irrigate degradation are create serious problems for international security and for peoples health. Rozelle, Huang and Zhang (1997) explain that people face piddle shortages do not have enough water to join forces their daily needs, while water degradation causes a decrease in the quality of peoples lives. unmatchable cause of water shortage is mismanagement of water resources, and matchless cause of water degradation is pollution. Water degradation affects people by causing health problems, and water shortage affects international security by causing regional controversies and conflicts. This strive will discuss two main(prenominal) causes of water shortage and water degradation and their effects on peopl e and international security.One main cause of water shortage is mismanagement of water resources. Jiang (2009) states that as water become a limited and scarce resource relative to the dramatically growing human needs, impressive management of the limited available water resources becomes critical. However, People have no incentive to save or use water efficiently, so effective management to deal with the externality of water use and market failure is needed. Over the past decades, Chinas water resource management, unfortunately, has been dominated by engineering brooks to satisfy water demands rather than improving water use efficiency. The institutional system of water resource management is fragmented and ineffective. Lack of effective coordination and cooperation among water agencies has led to fragmented water resource institutions which prevent effective management of water resources. In addition, water rights system is the foundation of effective water resource management. Unfortunately, Chinas institutional system of water rights has not been well developed and is not strictly enforced. Managing water resources based on water rights has not been successful. a great deal of the water use inefficiency and the current water scarcity in China can be attributed to an underdeveloped system of water rights. Pereira, Oweis and Zairi (2002) assume that mismanagement of water resources has increased Chinas vulnerability to increasingly severe water shortages. Farmers are also mismanagement water in China. Hu, Moiwo, Yang, Han, Yang (2010) explain that farmers are usually over irrigating their farms because they stuff to turn off the water on time, and over irrigating the farms too often. These irresponsible behaviors waste a large amount of limited water resources, because less irrigation could come back similar productivity (Fan et al., 2012).Therefore, improper management of water causes the shortage of water.One main cause of water degradation is pollut ion from industry and agriculture.Wang (1989) state that water pollution started with industrial development in the1950s and had become more serious since the 1970s in China. The major contribution to water pollution is industrial discharges, about 75 per cent of total wastewater being from industry. At present, only 20 per cent of factories have wastewater treatment facilities. Pollutants of wastewater acknowledge organic and toxic chemicals, such as phenols, oils, cyanides and heavy metals, they may flow into the rivers to cause hyper-eutrophic and fishless phenomenon for years. In addition, wastewater in industrial production also causes the water degradation. For instance, wastewater produced by some manufacturing activities, such as pulp and paper production, printing and dyeing, leather tanning and coal gasification, have very high concentrations of pollutants which are difficult to biodegrade. Ordinary treatment techniques are difficult to clean these kinds of wastewater. So me effective techniques are known but are too expensive to be acceptable to the factories. This type of pollution is difficult to control in China. Qadir et al. (2009) state that excessive irrigation, which combined with overuse of chemical pesticides, have caused large scale of water quality deterioration, particularly in downstream areas of the Aral Sea Basin in Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan, Central Asia. Therefore, water degradation mainly comes from industry and agricultures pollution.Having discussed the causes of water shortage and degradation, this essay will continue to discuss two main effects of water shortage and degradation in relation to international security and to peoples health in developing and developed countries.One main effect of water shortage is that it causes regional conflicts for water resources. Frhlich (2012) states that the water conflict in Middle eastern United States become one of the serious international security problems in the world. The Middle Eas t region is primarily relying on agriculture, water is a highly jade resource in this region and there have been conflicts over the ownership and use of water resources. Water supplies in Middle East are limited, short used and overused. Israel has controlled Jordan River and its aquifers, and sells little water to Palestine and Jordan. The current Palestine water supply is restricted and limited by Israel. Israel rejects to acknowledge Palestines water rights, while water consumption of Israel is four to six times higher than Palestinians. These unequal consumption of water caused conflicts among these countries which more or less the Jordan River. Aliewi (2009) argues that it is necessary to negotiate between the Palestine and Israel in which the external Law will be used to solve the conflict over water. The Palestinians should recover their water rights and fair share in water resources. Haftendorn (2000) also usurp that in South America, a long term debate about building th e Brazilian-Paraguay dam project on the Parana River caused international conflict between Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. The project was prevented by countries located at lower basin region, who were afraid that the Parana River might be cut off by the dam and would threat their access to this water resource. Therefore, water shortage has affected the regional conflicts among many countries.One main effect of water degradation is that it causes health problems. Pimentel et al. (2007) state that diseases are spreading by polluted water, such as diarrhea, malaria, tuberculosis, and measles, threating the peoples health. Tarrass and Benjelloun (2012) maintained that forty per cent of peoples deaths are attributed to organic and chemical pollutants. Gleick (2002) conclude that more than two million of infants and children die apiece year from diarrhea, which is caused largely by contaminated water. Epstein, Ford, Puccia, and Possas (2006) state that polluted water l ed 80 per cent of the diseases around the world, while 90 per cent of these diseases are spreading in developing countries. Pimentel et al. (2007) also maintain that even in developed countries, diseases caused by water degradation have also had an impact on peoples health. For example, in the USA, diseases caused by water degradation lead to 900 deaths each year (Pimentel et al. 2007). Tarrass and Benjelloun (2012) state that polluted water is closely linked diseases. According to Bartram, Lewis, Lenton, and Wright (2005), diseases related to dangerous water is the most common cause of illness and death among the poor people in developing countries. For example, 1.6 million deaths each year can be attributed to health problems caused by water pollution (Bartram, Lewis, Lenton, and Wright, 2005). Therefore, water degradation has affected peoples health.In conclusion, water shortage and water degradation have two main negative effects on people and international security. The main c ause of water shortage is mismanagement of water for industrial production, irrigation and leading to regional conflicts on water resources. And the main cause of water degradation is water pollution caused by chemicals which are difficult to biodegrade. Water degradation causes serious diseases for peoples health around the world. In order to solve these problems, all the countries should cooperate together to solve the water crises, distribute water resources rationally, reduce water pollution effectively and correct polluted water rapidly. People around the world should also take responsibility to save water in their daily lives.

Vimto Business Report

Vimto Business ReportVimtoBusiness ReportTable of ContentEXECUTIVE synopsis.31. CURRENT securities industry POSITION.41.1 Brand1.2 Target Market Analysis2. MARKET OVERVIEW5-62.1 PEST2.2 Current vexation trends3. TOWS ANALYSIS7-83.1 keystone Issues3.2 Key Opportunities4. STRATEGY 8-94.1 Brand Development Strategy4.2 Pricing Strategy4.3 Advertising Strategy4.4 Distribution Strategy5. SUMMARY 96. REFERENCES10Executive outlineThis report is written to present an abstract of the trade environment of Vimto with the aim of providing strategic input on how to improve their chances of success.Vimto is in the soft drinks business and is owned by Nichols plc. Vimto grew 4.3% and since its the core brand of the group, significant attention has to be allocated to assure its continued success.Reading this report give highlight what strategies, obstacles, trends, threats and marketing/ conversation tools are needed to make sure this product become successful. The report contains a market analysis, different recommendations and an outline on the future potentials for the products.CURRENT MARKET POSITION1.1 BrandNichols is the UK based comp some(prenominal) that is engaged in producing soft drinks and other beverages. The company distributes its products to the retail, wholesale, vending, catering, licensed, and leisure industries. The company has operations in the UK, Middle East, china and Africa.The companys brand portfolio includes Vimto, which is sold in over 65. The company offers still and carbonates drinks. The company offers soft drinks on dispense market. (MarketLine, 2013)1.2. Target Market AnalysisSupermarkets / hypermarkets form the guide distribution channel in the United Kingdom carbonated soft drinks market, accounting for a 35.2% share of the total markets volume.On-trade accounts for a further 25.9% of the market.Figure 1 United Kingdom carbonated soft drinks market distribution % share, by volume, 2012(source MarketLine)MARKET OVERVIEWPESTLEPolit icalPolitical factors impact on the way business operates. The statutory minimum wage affects all businesses, as do consumer and health and safety laws.The political decision as to whether or not the UK signs up to hold up the Single European Currency is having an impact on UK businesses, which includes Vimto.EconomicalAll businesses are affected by economical factors nationally and globally. Interest rate policies and fiscal policies will have to be set accordingly. Within the UK the climate of the economy dictates how consumer may behave within society. Whether an economy is in a boom, recession or recovery will also affect consumer confidence and behaviour. This has an impact on most businesses including Vimto. An economy which is in a recession is characterized by high unemployment, and paltry confidence. Because of high unemployment spending is depression confidence about job security is also low. Consumers will be more inclined to reduce their spending because of their low r evenues. This leads businesses to try to reduce their operation cost to save money. The market is seeing a growth so we can assume that the impact on Vimto will be currently minimal. (Marketline, 2013)SocialThe sociable factors affecting Vimto include the demographic changes, cultural aspect and consumers habits. These factors affect customer needs and the size of potential markets.Vimto macrocosm sweet and fruity will appeal to the younger demographic. It has also introduced energy drink in its portfolio that will entice sporty and diet aware people. (Just-drinks, 2013) proficientTechnological factors are vital for competitive advantage, and are a major driver of change and efficiency. With the advent of well-disposed media allowing for a wide range of consumer to be targeted, it simply cannot be neglected anymore and those who invest in that area will have a significant advantage. (Brand Republic, 2009)Laws regulationEnvironmentalLike any other drinks brand, Vimto experiences m any environmental threats to both production and brand awareness. They have to ensure that their packaging and brand is not affecting the environment or they could draw a backlash from consumers and activisits. (Loulla-Mae Eleftheriou-Smith, 2011)Current business trendsThe performance of the market is forecast to accelerate, with an anticipated CAGR of 4.4% for the five-year period 2012 2017, which is expected to drive the market to a value of $16,063.6m by the end of 2017. Comparatively, the French and German markets will grow with CAGRs of 1% and 1.6% respectively, over the same period, to reach respective values of $4,827.6m and $11,274.2m in 2017. (MarketLine, 2013)TOWS ANALYSISFigure 2. TOWS analysis table.4.1 Key issuesFrom the TOWS, the important issues to consider are high costs resulting from using UK labour and not outsourcing. Lack of Internet of coverage and presence as social medias (i.e. Facebook) arent well or not exploited at all.4.2 Key opportunitiesFrom the TOWS , the key opportunities include The energy sector remains the fastest growing kinsfolk in soft drinks at 7% per annum (Nichols, 2014) so mergers with well-known brand (recently with Weightwatchers) are a good option. Wide advertisement of its green position. Use of cyber marketing by using social medias to target a broader range of consumers.STRATEGY4.1 Brand Development schemaThe brand image is already in place. Vimto essential simply supply evidence to the consumers that their brand image is accurate and worthwhile. Vimto provide proof of their quality products and services by advertising that theyre locally produced pursuit a strict CSR code.4.2 Pricing strategyAs the company generated good numbers despite the anticipated reduction, an alteration of the price isnt critical.4.3 Advertising strategyIt should be focused more on the range of exposure through multiple media sources (i.e social medias).4.4 Distribution strategyProgress continues to be made in Nichols broadcast bus iness, with consolidation of the independent distributor base. This also involved the full integration of Festival Soft Drinks Limited, based on the south coast of England, into Nichols Dispense during 2013.4.5 Marketing strategyThe marketing strategy of Vimto will be toIncrease awareness of the brand finding innovative way to use the multimedia tools (i.e. Facebook etc.). material body strategic partnerships to make sure that you will be able to take advantage of their brand recognition and infrastructures.Differentiate themselves from competitors through introduction of new products consumer targeting item type (i.e. sport drinks with flashy PET store to attract sportmen). Continued advertisement of green resolutions adoption and CSR policies.SUMMARYThe target Market could be sometimes hard to reach due to the fact that most of them are not well exposed to the brand compared to the competition such as Coca-Cola. This marketing and progression could be overcome by selecting a wi der range of marketing and communication tools.New products introduced offer a number a choices to consumers and widen its base. Additionally, corporate tariff position makes it look respectable and apealling.The strong market position Vimto has in the global market gives its products a high change of success. Vimto has a well realized market position in the soft drinks industry, which gives it a large scale of new opportunities by the bias of mergers.If the implement of those new ways to attract consumers (i.e social media) is done, it will gives them a competitive advantage.REFERENCESBrand Republic (2009) Vimto digital strategy pulls teens into branded game. acquirable from http//www.brandrepublic.com/news/922925/Vimto-digital-strategy-pulls-teens-branded-game/?HAYILC=RELATED Accessed 04/04/2014Bureau van Dijk (2014) Nichols company report. FAME online. procurable from http//fame2.bvdep.com Accessed 28 February 2014Bureau van Dijk (2014) Nichols company report. OSIRIS online. Available from http//osiris.bvdinfo.com/ Accessed 28 February 2014Facebook (2014) Facebook. Available from http//www.facebook.com Accessed 04/04/2014Just-drinks. (2013) Product Launch UK Nichols Vimto Extreme Energy and Extreme Sport. just-drinks online. Available from http//www.just-drinks.com/news/nichols-vimto-extreme-energy-and-extreme-sport_id110674.aspx Accessed 04/04/2014Loulla-Mae Eleftheriou-Smith (2011) Vimto updates bottle and packaging design. Marketing Magazine online. Available from http//www.marketingmagazine.co.uk, accessed on 04/04/2014MarketLine (2013) MarketLine Industry Profile Carbonated Soft Drinks industry in the United Kingdom. MarketLine Advantage online. Available from http//http//advantage.marketline.com.ezproxy.uwe.ac.uk/ Accessed 28 February 2014MarketLine (2013) Company Profile Nichols plc. MarketLine Advantage online. Available from http//http//advantage.marketline.com.ezproxy.uwe.ac.uk Accessed 28 February 2014Nichols plc (2014) Nichols plc. Avai lable from http//www.nicholsplc.co.uk/ Accessed 04/04/2014Nichols plc (2014) Annual report financial statement 2013 online. . Available from http//www.nicholsplc.co.uk/ Accessed 04/04/2014Vimto (2014) Vimto. Available from http//www.vimto.co.uk/ Accessed 04/04/2014Weight Watchers (2014) Weight Watchers. Available from http//www.weightwatchers.co.uk/ Accessed 04/04/2014Template style inspired byChernova, E. et al (2013) Samsung Smart Fridge Business to Business Marketing Plan. Available from http//www.coursepaper.com/samsung-smart-fridge-business-business-marketing-plan Accessed 04/04/20141

Environmental Impact Assessment for Airport Construction

purlieual restore estimate for aerateport ConstructionThis circulate is nigh the environmental impact assessment (EIA) for the military rating and consideration of build a newfangledly drome for Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia to replace the quick Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport Kuala Lumpur. The proposed new Kuala Lumpur internationalist Airport is in Sepang, Selangor. This repute is prep ared by consultant group from Syaszee Co. lodgeed by the regimen for carrying out studies on the EIA for new aerodrome despatchs in Malaysia. The report is following the Malayan Government EIA guidelines and methodologies as described in the Environmental Assessment Requirements and Environmental Review Procedures of the Asian Development Bank (1993) and Environmental Guidelines for Selected Infrastructure excogitates (1990). The preparation of this report consist of various discussion with the stakeholders, academicians, topical anesthetic government, policy maker and confidential consu ltants to give opinion and overview regarding the impact and viability of this new airport forge. In order to proceed with the studies, various methods are being apply to gather the information as follows(i) review of available literature,(ii) meetings with National and local anesthetic government officials,(iii) site visits to the new airport and surrounding areas,(iv) discussions with inhabitants near the site,(v) ambient go and air feel and surface water quality sampling and testing in the field and in the laboratory, and(vi) application of professional knowledge and experience.The requirement of conducting the Environmental Impact Assessments in any project by the countries has been reflected in the(i) Principle 17 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development(ii) Article 5 of the Legal Principle for Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development(iii) Principle of Environmental Impact Assessment waxed under the UNEP.Besides that, an EIA generally accepts the following aspects which areProject definitionScreening of the project and scoping of the assessmentStakeholder identificationIdentification and assemblage of social and environmental baseline dataImpact identification and analysisDevelopment of mitigation and / or management mea surelys and actionsPublic Disclosure(a) Project commentaryProject definition is detailed description about the proposed project. It describes the existing airport facilities and its operation along with the proposed construction of new facilities and the plans for operation following the construction of the new facilities that are needed for the cheery of the users. The proposed facilities must meet the monetary standard of the international airport requirement and preserve obligate more than aircraft at the airport.(b) ScreeningThe project was reviewed against applicable legal requirements and government policy imposed to the developing of new airport in Kuala Lumpur. The results are finally used to identify the impacts and any march on assessments that need to take into consideration in the first place proceed with the project.(c) Stakeholder IdentificationThe give up organizations and individuals should been interviewed to identify environmental impacts. They were requested to identify any issues or concerns with the project, identify appropriate standards and identify further parties for consultation. For caseful, representatives from various department and agencies much(prenominal) as Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Ministry of Transport, Ministry of Information, Communication and Culture, Ministry of Works and Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water and Town Planning subdivision and Airport Authority.(d) Identification and Gathering of Social and Environmental Baseline DataBaseline data was gathered to describe the existing physical, biological and socio- frugal conditions. The following technological studies were conducted to collect additi onal baseline dataBaseline Assessment establish baseline conditions and compliance with requirementsSite Assessment establish nature and extent of contamination within the Project areaFlora and Fauna Assessment identify any risks within the Project area and collect information to support the victimisation of a wildlife and habitat management plan to reduce the risk of wildlife and aircraft interactionHazardous Building Materials Assessment identify risks of hazardous building materials in the existing buildingsStormwater Considerations / Alternatives identify opportunities to repair existing drainage and accommodate additional drainage loads from the Expansion Project(e) Impact Identification and AnalysisAll dominance risks and impacts provide be documented and analysed. All phases of the project including design, construction, operations, and decommissioning will be considered. The following table is extracted from Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency as a guidance ma terial on the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act to determine if an impact or risk is adverse or significant.Table 1. Factors in Determining Adverse Environmental EffectsChanges in the EnvironmentEffects on People Resulting fromEnvironmental Changes blackball effects on the health including plants, animals, and fish.Negative effects on human health, well-being or quality of lifeThreat to rare or endangered speciesIncrease in unemployment or shrinkage in the economy.Reductions in species diversity or disruption of food websReduction of the quality or quantity of recreational opportunities or creature comfortsLoss of or damage to habitats, including habitat fragmentation.Detrimental change in the current use of lands and resources for traditional usances by aboriginal persons.Discharges or release of persistent and/or cyanogenetic chemicals, microbiological agents, nutrients (e.g., nitrogen, phosphorus), radiation, or thermal susceptibility (e.g., cooling thriftlessnesswater) Negative effects on historical, archaeological,paleontological, or architectural resourcesPopulation declines, particularly in top visualamenities (e.g., views)Decreased aesthetic appeal or changes inpredator, mountainous, or long-lived speciesLoss of or damage to commercial speciesLoss of biodiversityThe removal of resource materials (e.g., orresources peat, coal) from the environmentForeclosure of future resource use or productionTransformation of natural landscapesObstruction of migration or passage of wildlifeNegative effects on the quality and/or quantity of the biophysical environment (e.g., surface water, countrywater, soil, land, and air)(f) Development of Mitigation and / or Management Measures and ActionsThe development of new airport basically already outline in the long term National Plan. The plans outlines things need to be consider including the environmental effects and impacts to the society. Besides that, the airport project is already assigned to the respective Ministry to appoint contractors responsible for building this mega project. All the plan outlines and progress report should be handled to the respective Ministry which is Ministry of Works and Ministry of Transport. Besides that, the contractor will be required to develop and implement an environmental management plan (EMP) in accordance with contract documents to ensure the mitigation outlined in this EIA is performed. An independent environmental consultant will be retained to perform regular site monitoring to ensure compliance with the contractors EMP and this EIA. Reports should be submitted to the monitoring committee set by the Government any month throughout the construction period.(g) Public DisclosureOnce the project is completed, a public meeting will be held and advertised in local newspapers. Questions raised and the responses are wel acquire while the project os being evaluated by the authority or government.2.0 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT IN MALAYSIAThe Malaysia n EIA procedures are comparable to the National Environmental Policy Act 1969 (NEPA) model in the United States. The Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities) (Environmental Impact Assessment) site 1987 was gazetted as a project planning tool for new projects or the expansion of existing ones. Section 34A of the Environmental Quality (Amendment) Act 1985 requires anyone who intends to undertake a prescribed act to first conduct a study to assess the likely environmental impacts that will occur from that activity and the mitigating measures that need to be undertaken. The Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities) (EIA) Order 1987 specifies some 19 categories of activities requiring EIA reports prior to implementation. The EIA procedure is shown in Figure 1. The project initiator will prescribed the activities that will be carried out during the construction of new Kuala Lumpur International Airport. Once it is completed, the report will be assessing by the respective depart ment before send to the Department of Environment (DOE) for further reviewing. If the DOE mum need further information regarding the project, they will called for further assessment before proceed to the panels. After reviewing the report, if the panel satisfied with the report, they will request for detailed report which consists all the details about the airport project before the report is send to the approving authority. Once the Authority is satisfied and the government also satisfied, indeed the project will be initiated by the respective contractors.2.1 EIA ProceduresIn July 1987, Malaysias Department of Environment (DOE) published the first edition of the Handbook of Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines (hereafter EIA Guidelines). The EIA Guidelines state thatThe aim of environmental impact assessment in Malaysia is to assess the overall impact on the environment of development projects proposed by the public and private sectors. To achieve this overall aim, the EIA Guidelines list the following five objectives of environmental impact assessmentTo examine and select the best from the project options availableTo identify and take into the project plan appropriate temporary removal and mitigating measuresTo predict residual environmental impactsTo determine the significance of the residual environmental impacts predicted andTo identify the environmental exists and benefits of the project to the community.3.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT NEW KUALA LUMPUR INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT (KLIA)Malaysia is one of the famous destinations to visits around the institution. With the rapid economic growth and expansion of good facilities and also infrastructure has attracted many visitors and investors came to Malaysia. According to the Immigration Department of Malaysia, from January to November 2009 it is recorded that 25,575,774 alieners had came to Malaysia. From January to June 2010 it is recorded that 11,868,103 visitors compared to the same period in 20 09 which recorded only 11,346,444 people. As the number of visitors shows an increase style every year, therefore it is the right time for Malaysia to build new airport which can accommodate more air craft all over the gentleman in order to equip with the demand and number of visitors came to Malaysia. As the project initiator, this paper will give appropriate guidelines that need to take into account before airport project can be taken off. All aspects and opinions from the government and publics are needed before the new airport can be built. Therefore, this report will discuss about the background, security measures and environmental impacts for the development of the new Kuala Lumpur International Airport.The purpose of this Environmental Impact Assessment Report as an evaluation and consideration of Malaysian government for the development of New Kuala Lumpur International Airport to replace the existing Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport Kuala Lumpur. Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airp ort Kuala Lumpur is located in Subang Jaya which is 17.2 km from the Kuala Lumpur City. The airport started the operation on August 30, 1965. It had the longest runway with 3.7km long, 45m wide and runway 15 33 in the Southeast Asia. The airport basically had three terminals which are Terminal 1 for international evasions, Terminal 2 for Singapore KL shuttle flights by Singapore Airlines and Malaysia Airlines, and Terminal 3 for domestic flights. By the end of 1997, Subang Airport handled 15.8 million passengers.KLIA is proposed to develop in the area which is situated in Sepang, in the south area of state of Selangor. The proposed site spanning almost 100km2 and it is built on a piece of agricultural land owned by the Government.The building of the new airport is already highlighted in tenth Malaysia Plan. The cost of building of the new airport is about RM8.5 billion or US$3.5 billion. It is expected that the new Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) can handle 35 millio n passengers and 1.2 tonnes of freight a year and this figure is expected to increase in the future. Besides that, the wide area can accommodate and handle more international aircraft. The new airport or Kuala Lumpur International Airport, Sepang is strategically located to serves the need of people from the Klang Valley, Shah Alam, Malacca, Negeri Sembilan, Selangor and Perak. Besides that, the development of Multimedia Super Corridor with the new town area such as Cyberjaya and Putrajaya as the Governments Office Centre will encourage more passengers using the facilities in the KLIA in Sepang. In order to improve the quality of works to attract more people using the KLIA, high speed train will be used for transporting passengers from KL Sentral to KLIA in more easier and convenient way. It is hopes with the proper plan and implementation of the development of new airport will encourage more people used the facilities in the new airport.Local and foreign expertise will be respon sible for the development of new airport for Kuala Lumpur. The master plan of Kuala Lumpur International Airport involves constructing five runways and two terminals accompanied by two satellite terminals. Phase One of the development includes construction of one main terminal accompanied by one satellite terminal to accommodate 25 million passengers and dual full service runways. Under the implementation of Phase One, sixty contact piers, twenty remote set bays with eighty aircraft parking positions, four criminal maintenance hangars and fire stations will be built. Implementation of phase two and three will be expansions of the airport to include increasing number of passengers. As all three phases is completed, it is expected that the airport can handle 100 million passengers per annum.4.0 ENVIRONEMNTAL ISSUESAccording to the Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines produce by International Finance Corporation from World Bank group, all projects that need to develop ar e required to follow these guidelines according to the policies and standards set by the organization. For the purpose of develop an airport project, the following environmental measures should taken into consideration.(i) Noise and vibrations(ii) Storm water and waste water(iii) Hazardous materials management(iv) Solid waste(v) Air emissions(vi) Energy and water consumption4.1 Noise and vibrationsNoise can be significant during the construction and development of the airport project. A widely used standard for measuring the noise is for LA10, the A-weighted level in decibels that is exceeded for 10% of the time. The noise measures standard usually relate to the impact on human being. Therefore, the most significant sources of noise and vibrations from airport operations are aircraft during the landing and takeoff (LTO) cycles. The noise also can come from ground operations equipment including aircraft taxiing, operation of ground support fomites for example passenger buses, mobile lounges, fuel trucks, aircraft tugs, aircraft and baggage tractors, aircraft auxiliary power units (APUs) and aircraft engine testing activities in airports with aircraft maintenance activities. Other indirect sources of noise include ground vehicle traffic from access roads leading to the airport.In order to control the noise, preventive measure should be taken into consideration which is hardly depends on land-use planning and flight management activities. Recommended noise management practices that can be carried out are as follows(i) Strategic location for airport development which is farthermost away from the communities and residential and also business premises. Therefore, it will minimize the disturbance of the surrounding area.(ii) For aircraft landing and take off (LTO), the implementation of preferred procedures and routes is essential to minimize noise especially in noise-sensitive area. These procedures may include instructions on the use of descent profiles or noise preferential routes (NPRs), such as the sustained descent approach to avoid noise-sensitive areas, the use of Low Power / Low Drag (LPLD) procedure to fly the aircraft in a clean condition such as no flap or wheels deployed as long as possible to minimize airframe noise, and instructions on minimizing reverse thrust on landing. An utility(a) approach may include the dispersion of noise through equal use of multiple flight tracks as opposed to a preferential flight track.(iii) Restrictions of the nighttime and operation of aircraft activities should be controlled.(iv) Reducing noise in flight operations and activities or use the sound barriers and deflectors to eliminate and reduce noise.4.2 Air Emissions some other source of pollution that is expected from the development of new airport is from the air. This pollution include combustion exhaust from aircraft during landing and takeoff and ground operation, from ground service vehicles, vapors from fuel storage and handling and em issions from local ground transportation activities servicing the airport. Other sources of emissions may include fuel combustion during fire gentility activities, combustion emissions from on-site electricity and heat generation systems and emissions from solid waste incineration activities.Therefore, in order to reduce the air emission pollution from the aircraft, various travel can be taken as follows(i) Optimizing and improving the ground service infrastructure to reduce aircraft and ground vehicle movements(ii) Try to minimizing fugitive air emissions from park kerosene and other fuel storage and handling activities.(iii) In fire-fighting drills, select the cleaner fuels such as liquefied petroleum gas to be used and choose firefighting drill locations and atmospheric conditions that best avoid short-term impacts to the air quality of nearby populated areas.(iv) The use of the incinerators can help reduce pollution. In controlling air emission pollution, incineration of wast es activities can be continued.4.3 Stormwater and WastewaterOther preventive measures in reducing the pollution, effluents from rhe airport also need to be control. The effluents from airport operations basically consist of stormwater runoff from paved surfaces and sanitary wastewater from public and employee services and from airplanes. This situation happened can be associated with leaks and spills of oil, diesel, and jet fuels during operation and maintenance of ground service vehicles, and fuel storage and handling aircraft activities.Therefore, the proposed strategies to control the impacts associated with stormwater and wastewater are as follows(i) Improve the drainage in strategic location that are potentially facing with the leaks and spills of chemicals and fuels problem such as fuel and chemical storage, transport and dispensing facilities, fire training areas, airplane maintenance hangars, and ground service vehicle maintenance facilities by using an oil / water separator to discharge from the surface.(ii) The managing of collection of sanitary sewage for aircraft and airport should be carried out efficiently in order to control the wastewater effluents.(iii) Monitoring of effluents is essential in order to avoid aircraft accidents.4.4 Hazardous Materials ManagementThe operations of any airport in the world will be facing with dangerous items or easily contaminated. These includes the storage and handling of fuels such as jet fuel, diesel, and gasoline primarily associated with aircraft fueling activities as well as with ground support vehicles. Fuels may be stored in aboveground or underground storage tanks and conveyed to dispensing locations via aboveground or underground cry systems that may be subject to accidental releases during transfer or leaks due to tank and piping containment failure. Hazardous materials which are dangerous to human health and environment should be managed efficiently in order to prevent accidental releases, fire, or ex plosions. Training in handling with the hazardous waste should be carried out more frequent as the preparation if something happened. The knowledge about the chemicals handling is a must for the operators.4.5 Waste ManagementBasically, an International Airport will receive antithetical types of aircraft landed in the airport. All these aircraft will produce waste that need to be handled by the airport operators. For instance, passengers in the commercial airports may produce solid, nonhazardous, waste food from food establishments, packaging materials from retail facilities, and paper, newspaper, and a variety of disposable food containers from offices and common passenger areas. Food waste from international flights is considered a potentially infectious material by some national jurisdictions. Some airlines may also dispose of pillows following the completion of every flight. Airport operations may also generate liquid or solid hazardous wastes such as used lubricating oils and s olvents from aircraft and ground service vehicle maintenance.Recommended waste management strategies includeEncourage a recycling program or use biodegradable materials that will be dispose easily especially food container, plastic bags and so forth. Besides that the food waste can be use as agricultural fertilizer and animal feed.Airline crew members and cleaning operators can discriminate all the waste by separating the collection through recycle program according to the characteristics such as papers, plastic and metallic container. Used pillows also can be recycled.The cleanliness and hygiene of food preparation is a must to avoid diseases. Food catering waste should be managed according to the rules and regulation set by the health organization in order to protect human being.4.6 Energy and Water ConsumptionThe operation of the airport may need significant levels of energy for running the machines, ventilation, space cooling and heating in terminals, lighting and the operation of luggage conveyance systems. Water consumption may depend on the types of passenger and airplane maintenance services offered and may include the operation of sanitary facilities for large numbers of transiting passengers or cleaning activities in general. Recommended strategies and methods for energy and water saving are presented in the General EHS Guidelines.5.0 COST BENEFIT ANALYSESFinally, before the construction of new Kuala Lumpur International Airport started, we also have to look at the cost benefit analysis.First, is to identify and take into consideration of all geographical impacts of the project without limitation of the surrounding areas. We have to consider the impact to the local community, other local community within the same state and finally other states in the country as describe in the figure below.(i) Internal Rates of homecomingIt is expected by the development of new airport will give economic return to the country. By encouraging more investors and tou rists throughout the world come to Malaysia, it is belief it will increase the demand for local industries especially in hotel and resorts, restaurants and so forth as the new interesting place to visit. A large postion of investment is required to develop this airport. Therefore, the margin rate of return also should be high.(ii) Economic BenefitsThe new airport also will give economic benefit to the country. According to economic analyst, the major benefits will be (i) incremental net visitor expenditures, (ii) time savings of passengers, and (iii) the value of foregone passenger and cargo traffic. Besides that, the cost savings in domestic aircraft operation and time landed in the airport will also include in the analysis.(iii) Project costThe allocation of the project cost will be approved by the government. This cost should include (i) civil works, (ii) construction, (iii) equipment and its installation, and (iv) consulting engineering design and supervision. Besides that, the abatement cost also should take into consideration in order to reduce the pollution which will harm the community and human beings.(iv) Monitoring and Reporting CostsDuring the construction period, the monitoring process should be required in order to make sure that the construction of the airport is according to the schedule and the quality of the building is according to the world standard. Therefore, it will incur some cost that should be borne by the contractor. The minor cost of the equipment required for monitoring environmental impacts is also included in the project cost.(v) Nonquantified Environmental ImpactsThe construction of the new airport also will produce the non quantified environmental impacts from airport development and increased other development off-site, including noise pollution, air pollution, and surface water pollution, were considered marginal, and additional economic assessment. Therefore, as mentioned earlier, the abatement cost also should be included i n the project cost.5.0 finishingAs a conclusion, the development of new Kuala Lumpur International Airport is one of the mega projects that government should initiated. Supports from all are needed in order to make sure that the project implementation is successful. However, various aspects especially in the environmental impacts need to be considered before the projects can be proceed. With the development of new airport in Kuala Lumpur it is expected that it will give more benefits to the country in respect of diplomatic relationship, economic improvement and rapid growth in all aspects of economy.

Preparing for the Olympics :: Olympics Sports Athletics Essays

Preparing for the Olympics Every two years, countries around the world join together in excitement for the Olympic Games. each winter or summer, the Olympics are something everyone seems to confront forward to in one way or another. Olympic preparation is no easy task, for the athletes, nor for the event staff. When the nous of Olympic preparation is brought up, two primary(prenominal) ideas come to mind. How is the site for the Olympics picked? And how is it decided who carries the Olympic torch?After careful research, the answers to these questions have been found. First, the topic of how an Olympic urban center comes to be. All cities applying to become skunkdidate cities to server the Olympic Games are subject to a candidature acceptance procedure, conducted by the IOC Executive Board. IOC stands for International Olympic Committee. In the end the IOC Executive Board allow for determine which cities are accepted as candidate cities. There are several criteria tha t a host urban center must meet in evidence to be considered a candidate for the job. Two of these are ability to host, organize and stage high level world(prenominal) multi-sports events and compliance with the Olympic Charter and the IOC encipher of Ethics. Once the candidates are chosen based on more general elements, the process of choosing an Olympic host can begin. There are usually fiver cities chosen as possible candidates for the prestige honor of hosting the Olympic Games. From here each city must live up to out a lengthy questionnaire almost their plans for the Olympic Games. The main topics on the questionnaire concern Motivation and Support, Political and Public Support, General Infrastructure, Sports Infrastructure, Logistics and Experience, and the Financing of the games. After this want and in depth form, the IOC has a get around knowledge of each citys plans for all the events and coordination for the Games. After the questionnaire is received the IO C can send experts to the city to farther investigate certain matters pertaining to the questions answered. This is usually through to ensure that the correct choice is made to further the Olympic Movement. Each of the five candidate cities receives a manducate by not only the experts, only if by the IOC to discuss matters more in depth to get a better feel for the city and its ideas for the Games.Preparing for the Olympics Olympics Sports Athletics EssaysPreparing for the Olympics Every two years, countries around the world join together in excitement for the Olympic Games. Either winter or summer, the Olympics are something everyone seems to look forward to in one way or another. Olympic preparation is no easy task, for the athletes, nor for the event staff. When the idea of Olympic preparation is brought up, two main ideas come to mind. How is the site for the Olympics picked? And how is it decided who carries the Olympic torch?After careful research, the answers to th ese questions have been found. First, the topic of how an Olympic City comes to be. All cities applying to become candidate cities to host the Olympic Games are subject to a candidature acceptance procedure, conducted by the IOC Executive Board. IOC stands for International Olympic Committee. In the end the IOC Executive Board will determine which cities are accepted as candidate cities. There are several criteria that a host city must meet in order to be considered a candidate for the job. Two of these are ability to host, organize and stage high level international multi-sports events and compliance with the Olympic Charter and the IOC Code of Ethics. Once the candidates are chosen based on more general elements, the process of choosing an Olympic host can begin. There are usually five cities chosen as possible candidates for the prestige honor of hosting the Olympic Games. From here each city must fill out a lengthy questionnaire about their plans for the Olympic Games. The main topics on the questionnaire concern Motivation and Support, Political and Public Support, General Infrastructure, Sports Infrastructure, Logistics and Experience, and the Financing of the games. After this long and in depth form, the IOC has a better knowledge of each citys plans for all the events and coordination for the Games. After the questionnaire is received the IOC can send experts to the city to further investigate certain matters pertaining to the questions answered. This is usually done to ensure that the correct choice is made to further the Olympic Movement. Each of the five candidate cities receives a visit by not only the experts, but by the IOC to discuss matters more in depth to get a better feel for the city and its ideas for the Games.

Personnel Management (HRM) :: essays research papers

effect office commission - The renewed emphasis on the importance of human resources in the 1980s and 90s drew attention to the focussing in which people management was organized. Specifically, this meant a critical review of the functions of personnel management. Personnel management has been a recognized function in the USA since NCR assailable a personnel office in the 1890s. In other countries the function arrived more slowly and came through a variety of routes. This excerpt from Human imaging Management in a Business Context looks at Personnel management from a historical perspective. Further notes Traditional Personnel Functions Recruitment - ad for new employees and liaising with employment agencies. Selection - determining the best candidates from those who apply, arranging interviews, tests, references. Promotion - running similar selection procedures to determine progression within the organization. Pay - a minor or major role in pay negotiation, determination and administration. Performance assessment - co-ordinating staff appraisal and counselling systems to evaluate individual employee performance. marker structures - as a basis for pay or development, comparing the relative difficulty and importance of functions. Training and development - co-ordinating or delivering programmes to fit people for the roles take by the organisation now and in the future. Welfare - providing or liaising with specialists in a staff care or counselling role for people with personalized or domestic problems affecting their work. Communication - providing internal information service, perhaps in the form of staff newspapers or magazines, handouts, booklets, videos. Employee Relations - handling disputes, grievances and industrial action, lots dealing with unions or staff representatives. Dismissal - on an individual basis as a result of failure to meet requirements or as conk out of a redundancy, downsizing or closure exercise, perhaps involving large numbe rs of people. Personnel administration - record-keeping and monitoring of legislative requirements related to equal opportunities and possibly pensions and tax. Personnel ManagementPersonnel management has been a recognised function in the USA since NCR opened a personnel office in the 1890s. American personnel managers worked within a unitarist tradition, identifying closely with the objectives of their organization (key concept 1.3). It was natural for HRM to emerge comparatively smoothly from this perspective.In other countries, notably Australia, South Africa and the UK, the personnel management function arrived more slowly and came from a number of routes. Moreover, its orientation was not entirely managerial. In Britain its origins can be traced to the welfare officers employed by Quaker-owned companies such as Cadburys.